1. I see the asessment referred to as the SDLRS and the LPA. Is it the same assessment?
   Yes. The original name was the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, but the term Learning Preference Assessment is always used for test-takers, to avoid possible response bias.
   
   
2. How will the scores for my group be organized?
   The scores will be listed by name and/or ID number in the order in which the individuals took the test.
   
   
3. What will my data analysis include?
   Our normal data report gives you the individual's name or ID, SDLRS score, sample mean, standard deviation, variance, range, standard error, kurtosis, minimum and maximum score, skewness, number of valid observations, and missing observations. This information will allow you to compare each individual score to the sample mean and to the adult norms.
   
   
4. What demographic information is collected with the SDLRS/LPA data?
   The following demographic information is collected: gender, age, country, highest level of education completed and occupation.
   
   
5. How can I collect other information that I need?
   
   ONLINE ADMINISTRATION
   You can use as many as ten additional questions. Space for responding to your additional questions (A-J) is available in the demographic data collection section at the end of the assessment. Each question can have up to 9 different responses. These can be helpful if you want to designate a testing date, look at data by testing sites, or compare the scores to other data.
   
   When you send the participants the password to enter the site, you will need to give them the items you wish for them to respond to (such as department, length of employment, year in school, performance rating, etc.)
   
   For example, if you were gathering data on individuals engaged in online learning, you might want to know their levels of computer competency or experience with online learning. In that case, when you give them the link to the test site and the password they are to use, you would include a statement something like this:
   
   
   At the end of the assessment, be sure to respond to questions A. and B. (below) in the "Additional Questions" section. Please print these out before you go to the website so you will have them for reference:
   
   A. What is your level of computer competency?

   1. Beginner
   2. Intermediate
   3. Expert

   
   B. What is your level of experience with on-line courses?

   1. Beginner
   2. Intermediate
   3. Expert
   
   Another example: If you are gathering data from students in a number of countries, question A might be:
   
   
   A. Indicate the country in which you are currently studying:

   1. Australia
   2. China
   3. England
   4. France
   5. Germany
   6. Jamaica
   7. United States
   8. West Indies
   9. None of the above
   
   GATHERING ADDITIONAL DATA USING PAPER COPIES
   Contact lguglie@yahoo.com to discuss the use of the identification number and special codes sections of the answer sheet.
   
   
6. Can I obtain correlations of the SDLRS/LPA with other variables?
   If you want to examine the data by sex, age, race, or by any other demographic or correlate the SDLRS/LPA score with other scores or data, we are able to provide you with any statistical analysis you might want. Please email us for a price estimate: lguglie@yahoo.com
   
   
7. How will missing responses be handled?
   Missing values will be replaced with 3 (the middle value). Cases missing 5 or more values will be listed, but omitted from the overall statistics for your group.
   
   
8. What information will I need to give my group for them to take the assessment?
   A sample email to participants is provided below:
   
   Our {company, institution} is conducting research to assist us in {tailoring our learning options to your needs, planning our training operation, revising our curriculum, etc.}
   Please respond to the Learning Preference Assessmentonline by ____________ (deadline).
   The web address to access the test is: ____________
   Your password is: ______________
   

Abbott, J., & Dahmus, S. (1991). Using the Guglielmino Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale to assess the appropriateness of self-managed learning systems recommended methodology. Paper presented at the Academy of Management annual meeting.

Adams, A. (1993). An analysis of locus-of-control and self-directed learning readiness in relationship to age, gender, and education level in older adults (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 2219.

Adenuga, B. O. (1990). Self-directed learning readiness and learning style preferences of adult learners (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 2747.

Adenuga, T. (1991). Demographic and personal factors in predicting self-directedness in learning. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 93-106) Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Alspach, J. G. (1991). The self-directed learning readiness of baccalaureate nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 1980.

Anderson, M. R. (1994). Success in distance education courses versus traditional classroom education courses (Doctoral dissertation, Oregon State University, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 4339.

Atacanli, M.F. (2007). Ankara Universitesi Typ Fakultesi Ogrencilerinin Ogrenme Tercihi Degerlendirme Olcegi (LPA) Araciligiyla Yasam Boyu Ogrenme Davranisinin Yillara Gore Degisiminin Arastirilmasi. (Yayimlanmamis Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Universitesi, 2007). [ATACANLI, M.F. (2007). Evaluation of the students' lifelong learning behaviour change across years by the Turkish version of the Learning Preference Assessment (LPA) questionnaire at Ankara University School of Medicine. (Unpublished Master of Science dissertation, Ankara University, 2007).]

Barnes, K. L. (1999). Curiosity and self-directed learning readiness among a sample of baccalaureate nursing students. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Contemporary ideas and practices in self-directed learning (pp. 31-47). Norman, OK: Public Managers' Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Barrett, H. C. (1991). Adult self-directed learning, personal computer competency, and learning style: Models for more effective learning (Doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute,1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 778.

Bayha, R. A. (1983). Self-directed learning readiness of Northwest Missouri farmers as related to learning resource choice and valuing (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 50A.

Bejot, D. D. (1981). The degree of self-directedness and the choices of learning methods (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 2434.

Beitler, M. A. (2001). Self-directed learning readiness at General Motors Japan. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Self-directed learning and the information age (pp. 158-169). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Beswick, D. M., Chuprina, L., Canipe, J. B., & Cox, B. (2002). Investigating self-directed learning in culture, learning styles, and creativity. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult and vocational Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 473 804)

Beitler, M. A. (2003). Measuring the self-directed learning readiness of managers and management students. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Current developments in e-learning and self-directed learning (pp. 280-289). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Bentley, E. L, & West, R. F. (1989). Structural analysis of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL modeling. Paper presented at the North American Symposium on Adult Self-Directed Learning.

Bitterman, J. A. (1988). Relationship of adults' cognitive style and achieving style to preference for self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 22, 851.

Bligh, J. G. (1992). Independent learning among general practice trainees: An initial survey. Medical Education, 26, 497-502.

Bonham, L. A. (1991). Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: What does it measure? Adult Education Quarterly, 41, 92-9.

Box, B. J. (1982). Self-directed learning readiness of students and graduates of an associate degree nursing program (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 679A.

Brockett, R. G. (1982). Self-directed learning readiness and life satisfaction among older adults (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 42A.

Brockett, R. G. (1985). Methodological and substantive issues in the measurement of self-directed learning readiness. Adult Education Quarterly, 36, 15-24.

Brockett, R. G. (1985). A response to Brookfield's critical paradigm of self-directed adult learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 36, 55-59.

Brockett, R. G. (1987). Life satisfaction and learner self-direction: Enhancing quality of life during the later years. Educational Gerontology, 13, 225-237.

Brockett, R.G. & Hiemstra, R. Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice. London: Routledge, 1991.

Brookfield, S. (1984). Self-directed adult learning: A critical paradigm. Adult Education Quarterly, 35, 59-71.

Bryan, V., & Schulz, S. F. (1995). Self-directed learning in distance education: The relationship between self-directed learning readiness scores and success in completing distance education programs through home-study training. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp.135-158). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Bryan, V., & Schultz, S.F. (1995). Predictors of student success in distance education. Community Education Digest, 9 (2) 51-58.

Bulik, R.J. (1997). Squelching self-directed learning: Marginalized learners and their environments. In H. B. Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning (pp.153-167). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Bulik, R.J. (1997). Correlating performance outcomes and self-directed learning. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Current developments in e-learning and self-directed learning (pp. 76-90). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Canipe, J. (2001). The relationship between self-directed learning and learning styles (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 00115p.

Caffarella, R., & Caffarella, P. (1986). Self-directedness and learning contracts in adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 36, 226-234.

Carney, F. M. (1985). An exploratory study of learning, style variables related to success or failure in self-directed independent study among intellectually gifted students (Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 7A.

Chang, H. (1991). The relationships among contract learning, self-directed learning readiness and learning preferences of undergraduate students at National Taiwan Normal University (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-St.Louis, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 3302.

Cheong, J. W., & H. B. Long (1995). Small-group-centered teaching and its effect on students' readiness for self-directed learning: A case study off a Korean university course. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 257-266). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Cheong, C. K., Lee, C. K., & Long, H. B. (1995). Self-directed learning readiness and some related variables: A study of self-educated people in Korea. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 267-276). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Chien, M. (2004). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness and organizational effectiveness. Journal of American Academy of Business, 4(1/2), 285-8.

Choy, S., & Delahaye, B. (2001). Do youth with high scores on the Learning Preference Assessment instrument have a deep approach to learning and an andragogical orientation to study? In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Self-directed learning and the information age (pp. 125-154). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Chuprina, L. (2001). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness and cross-cultural adaptability in U.S. expatriate managers styles (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 00155p.

Chuprina, L., & Durr, R. (in press). Self-directed learning readiness as a predictor of cultural adaptability in expatriate managers. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 3 (1).

Chuprina, L., & Durr, R. (2002). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness and cultural adaptability of expatriate assignees at Motorola. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.) Twenty-first century advances in self-directed learning (pp. 55-69). Boynton Beach, Fl: Motorola.

Cisneros, R. M. (2004). A study of the relationship between problem-based learning tutorial group activity and student achievement (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 5470.

Clark, B. A. (1989). Comparison of self-directed learning readiness of fire executives to the norm and public managers. (Practicum paper, Nova Southeastern University).

Clark, J. A. K. (1991). Self directed learning skills and clinical performance: A comparison of traditionally taught and learning contract-taught nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 2236.

Cloud, D. L. (1993). Association of parent-child self-directed learning readiness: An exploratory study. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 4170.

Confessore, G. J. (1991). Human behavior as a construct for assessing Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: Pragmatism revisited. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 123-146) Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Confessore, G.J. (1991). What become of the kids who participated in the1981 Johnson Early College Summer Arts Program? Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 15, 64-82.

Confessore, S. J., & Confessore, G. J. (1993). The limits of consensus in the study of self-directed learning. In H. B. Long and Associates, Emerging perspectives of self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Confessore, S. J., & Confessore, G. J. (1994). Learner profiles: A cross-sectional study of selected factors associated with self-directed learning. In H. B. Long and Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing and Higher Education.

Confessore, G. J., Long, H. B., & Redding, T.R. (1993). The status of self-directed learning literature, 1966-1991. In H. B. Long & Associates, Emerging perspectives of self-directed learning (pp. 45- 56). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Connolly, R. A. (2004). The correlation between self-directed learning behavior and leadership effectiveness in a business environment. (Doctoral dissertation. Duquesne University, 2005). ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 65(07) 2454.

Corbeil, J. R. (2003). Online technologies self-efficacy, self-directed learning readiness, and locus of control of learners in a graduate-level web-based distance education program (Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 1953.

Cox, B, F. (2002). The relationaship between creativity and self-directed learning among adult community college students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee).

Crain, M. K. (1987). Transfer of training and self-directed learning in adult Sunday school classes in six Churches of Christ (Doctoral dissertation, Southwestern Theological Seminary, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 405.

Crook, J. (1985). A validation study of a self-directed learning readiness scale. Journal of Nursing Education, 24, 264-279.

Cunningham, J. R. (1988). An examination of the self-directed learning readiness of selected students and graduates of master's degree programs of Southern Baptist seminaries (Doctoral dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 3587.

Curry, M. (1983). The analysis of self-directed learning readiness characteristics in older adults engaged in formal learning activities in two settings (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 1293A.

Delahaye , B., & Choy, S. (2000). The Learning Preference Assessment (Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale). In Maltby, J., Lewis, C. A., & Hill, A. (2000). Commissioned reviews of 250 psychological tests. Edwin Mellen Press, Wales, U.K.

Delahaye, B. L. & Smith, H. E. (1995). The validity of the Learning Preference Assessment. Adult Education Quarterly, 45, 159-173.

Diaz, P. C. (1988). Life satisfaction and learner self-direction as related to ethnicity in the older adult (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 1293A.

Dixon, E. (1989). Nurse readiness and time spent in self-directed learning. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 22, 215-218.

Dodds-Urban, V. (2000). Teachers, self-directed learning, and teacher involvement in school reform. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Practice and theory in self-directed learning (pp. 231-245). Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University Press.

Dolezalek, H. (2004, January 1). Building better learners. Training Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2004 from http://www.trainingmag.com/training/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2066578

Dolezalek, H. (2004, July 13). Learning at your own pace. Training Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://www.trainingmag.com/training/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000575316

Donaghy, R. (2005)."It permeates the whole fabric of your life": The experience of scholars who have studied self-directed learning. Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee.

Durr, R. E. (1992). An examination of readiness for self-directed learning and selected personnel variables at a large midwestern electronics development and manufacturing corporation (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 1825.

Durr, R.E. (1995). Integration of self-directed learning into the learning process at Motorola. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 335-344). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Durr, R.E. (1995, March). Global integration of self-directed learning into the learning process by Motorola, Inc.'s Paging Products Group. Paper presented at the Ninth International Symposium on Self-Directed Learning, West Palm Beach, FL.

Durr, R. E., Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (1994). Self-directed learning readiness and job performance at Motorola. In H. B. Long and Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning (pp.175-186). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education of the University of Oklahoma.

Durr, R. E., Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (1996). Self-directed learning readiness and occupational categories. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7, 349-358.

East, J. (1986). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness and life satisfaction among the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 2848A.

Eisenman, J. G. (1988). Self-directed learning: A correlational study of fifth grade students, their parents, and teachers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 3587.

Field, L. (1989). An investigation into the structure, validity, and reliability of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 125-39. (See also responses by Guglielmino, Long, and McCune).

Field, L. (1991). Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: Should it continue to be used? Adult Education Quarterly, 41, 100-3. (See also Delahaye & Smith, AEQ, 1995)

Finestone, P. (1984). A construct validation of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale with labour education participants (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 5A.

Fitzgerald, C. T. (2003) Self-directed and collaborative online learning: Learning style and performance (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64 (05), 1612 (UMI No. 3090404).

Frisby, A. J. (1992). Self-directed learning readiness in medical students at the Ohio State University (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 2896.

Gabrielle, D. M. (2003). The effects of technology-mediated instructional strategies on motivation, performance, and self-directed learning. Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University.

Gabrielle, D. M., Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J.(2006). Developing self-directed learning readiness of future leaders in a military college through instructional innovation, International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 3(1), pp. 24-35 (co-author)

Gardner, B. S. (1990). A study of the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and work environment among various state government employees (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 3446.

Graeve, E. A. (1987). Patterns of self-directed learning of registered nurses (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 820.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1978). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1977). Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 6467A.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1989). Development of an adult basic education form of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. In the H. B. Long and Associates, Self-directed learning: Emerging theory and practice. Norman OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1989). Reactions to Field's investigation into the SDLRS. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 235-240.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1991). Developing self-directed learners: Why and how. Changing Schools, 19 (2), 6-7 &11.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1992). Familial relationships in readiness for self-directed learning. In H. B. Long and Associates, Self-directed learning: Application and research (pp.181-188). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L. M. (1996). An examination of self-directed learning readiness and selected demographic variables of top female executives. In Long, H. B. and Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp. 11-22). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L.M. (1997). Contributions of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) and the Learning Preference Assessment (LPA) to the definition and measurement of self-direction in learning. Paper presented at The First World Conference on Self-Directed Learning, Montreal, Canada.

Guglielmino, L.M. (1997). Reliability and validity of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale and the Learning Preference Assessment. In H. B. Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning (pp. 209-222). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L. M. (2002). Le recherche sur L'autodirection dans l'apprentissage aux Etat-Unis (Research on self-direction in learning in the United States). In Moisan, A., & Carre, P. (Eds.). L'autoformation, fail social? Aspects historiques and sociologiques. Paris: L'Harmattan.

Guglielmino, L. M., Alligood, C. & Nowocien, D. (1999). Restructuring a professional orientation program for teachers to promote continuous, self-directed learning. In H.B. Long & Associates, Contemporary ideas and practices in self-directed learning (pp. 17-29). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L., Asper, D., Findley, B., Lunceford, C., McVey, S., Payne, S., Penney, G., & Phares, L. (2005) Common barriers, interrupters and restarters in the learning projects of highly self-directed adult learners. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 2(1), 71-96.

Guglielmino, L. M. & Guglielmino, P. J . (1984). Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Self-Directed Learning and Health Professionals NETWORK, 2, 2.

Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (1988). Self-directed learning in business and industry: An information age imperative. In H.B. Long and others, Self-directed learning: Application and theory (125-148). Lifelong Learning Research/Publication Project, Department of Adult Education, University of Georgia.

Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (1991a). Expanding your readiness for self-directed learning: A workbook for the Learning Preference Assessment. King of Prussia, PA: Organization Design and Development, Inc.

Guglielmino, L. M. & Guglielmino, P. J. (1991b). Learning Preference Assessment. King of Prussia, PA: Organization Design and Development.

Guglielmino, L. M. & Guglielmino, P. J. (1991c). Learning Preference Assessment facilitator guide. King of Prussia, PA: Organization Design and Development.

Guglielmino, L. M. & Guglielmino, P. J. (1994). Practical experience with self-directed learning in business and industry human resource development. In Hiemstra, R. & Brockett, R. Overcoming resistance to self-direction in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, no. 64 (39-46).

Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (2003). Becoming a more self-directed learner: Why and how. In Piskurich, G. (Ed.). Getting the most from e-learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (2003). Identifying learners who are ready for e-learning and supporting their success. In Piskurich, G. Preparing learners for e-learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Guglielmino, L. M., & Guglielmino, P. J. (2003). Self-directed learning and the learning organization. In Long, H. B. & Associates, Current developments in E-learning and self-directed learning. Boynton Beach, FL: International Self-Directed Learning Symposium Publications (electronic).

Guglielmino, L. M., Guglielmino, P.J. & Choy, S. (2001). Readiness for self-directed learning, job characteristics, and workplace performance: An Australian sample. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning in the information age. Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University (refereed CE ROM publication).

Guglielmino, L. M., Guglielmino, P. J., & Durr, R. (2000). Learning contracts: A learning technique and a developmental process. In Piskurich, G., Beckschi, P., & Hall, B. (Eds.). American Society for Training and Development handbook of training design and delivery. (396-414). NY: McGraw-Hill.

Guglielmino, L. & Hillard, L. (2007). Promoting reading achievement: A case study of exemplary elementary principals. ERS Spectrum, 25 (2), 13-24.

Guglielmino, L. M., & Knutson, K.. (2000). School culture and self-directed learning readiness of school leaders. In H. B. Long & Associates, Practice and theory in self-directed learning. Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University.

Guglielmino, L. M., Long, H. B., & McCune, S. K. (1989). Reactions to Field's investigation into the SDLRS. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 235-45.

Guglielmino, L. M., Mazmanian, P.E., Guglielmino, P.J. Hoban, J. D., & Pololi, L. (2002). L'aptitude a l'apprentissage autodirige d'etudiants en medecine: Une analyse preliminaire des donnees de trios facultes de medecine aux Etats-Unis (Self-directed learning readiness of medical students: A preliminary examination of data from three medical schools in the United States). In Carre, P. & Moisan, A. La formation autodirigee: Aspects psychologiques et pedagogiques. Paris, France:L'Harmattan.

Guglielmino, L. M. & Nowocien, D. (1998). Self-directed learning and teachers' professional development. In H. B. Long & Associates, Developing paradigms for self-directed learning (pp. 91-106). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, L. M., Nowocien, D., & Alligood, C. (1999). Restructuring a professional orientation program for teachers to promote self-directed learning. In H. B. Long & Associates, Contemporary ideas and practices in self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, P.J. (1984). Desarollando el alto nivel ejecutivo para la decada delos 80 y posteriormentes. Revista Universidad EAFIT,53, Enero-Febrero-Marzo.

Guglielmino, P.J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (1982). An examination of the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and job performance in a major utility. Unpublished research report. See Guglielmino, Guglielmino, & Long for selected findings.

Guglielmino, P. J. & Guglielmino, L. M. (1984). Cuestionario para medir la predisposicion hacia el aprendizaje auto-dirigido. Revista Universidad EAFIT,53, Enero-Febrero-Marzo.

Guglielmino, P. & Guglielmino, L. M. (1992). Assessing your learning style. In Bernardin, H. J., Human Resources Management, Exercise 12.2.

Guglielmino, P., & Guglielmino, L. M. (1992). The self-directed learner: A valued human resource of the 21 century. Sundridge Park Management Review (England), 5:4, 32-39.

Guglielmino, P. J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (1998). Three studies of self-directed learning readiness in the People's Republic of China. In Long, H. B., & Associates, Developing paradigms for self-directed learning (pp. 61-74), Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, P. J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (2001). Managing in a world of change: Moving toward a distributed learning model based on self-managed learning. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 66:3, 36-43.

Guglielmino, P. J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (2002). Learner characteristics affecting success in electronic distance learning. In Long, H. B., & Twenty-first century advances in self-directed learning (pp. 257-273). Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University Press.

Guglielmino, P.J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (2003). Are your learners ready for e-learning? In Piskurich, G. (Ed.) The American Management Association handbook of e-learning: Effective design, implementation and technology solutions. New York: AMACOM (book version).

Guglielmino, P. J., & Guglielmino, L. M. (2006). Culture, self-directed learner readiness, and per capita income in five countries. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 71:2, 21-28, 57.

Guglielmino, P. J., Guglielmino, L. M., & Long, H. B. (1987). Self-directed learning and performance in the workplace. Higher Education, 16, 303-17.

Guglielmino, P. J., Guglielmino, L. M., & Zhao, S. (1996). A preliminary study of self-directed learning readiness in the People's Republic of China. In Long, H. B. And Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp.127-137). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, P. J., & Klatt, L. A. (1994). Self-directed learning readiness as a characteristic of the entrepreneur. In H. B. Long and Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning (pp. 161-174). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education of the University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, P. J., Klatt, L. A., & Guglielmino, L. M. (1995). A preliminary examination of cultural differences in worker readiness for self-directed learning. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 281-292). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Guglielmino, P., & Murdick, R. (1997). Self-directed learning: The quiet revolution in corporate training and development. Advanced Management Journal.

Guglielmino, P., & Roberts, D. (1992). A comparison of self-directed learning readiness in U.S. and Hong Kong samples and the implications for job performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 3 (3).

Guglielmino, P., & Vichas, R. (1991). Self-directed learning skills in Honduras: A comparative study. Iberoamericana, Nordic Journal of Latin American Studies, 21, 67-85. Stockholm School of Economics, University of Stockholm.

Hall-Johnson, K. (1981). The relationship between readiness for self-directed learning and participation in self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 7A.

Hanford, G. E. (1993). Comparison of self-directed learning readiness scores among nurses in critical-care and medical-surgical areas (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 34.

Harriman, J. K. III (1991). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness, completion and achievement in a community college telecourse program (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 780.

Harring-Hendon, J. (1989, August). Self-directed learning readiness and distance education. Paper presented at fifth Annual Conference on Teaching at a Distance, Madison, Wisconsin.

Hassan, A. J. (1981). An investigation of the learning projects of adults of high and low readiness for self-direction learning (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 3838A-3839A.

Herbeson, E. (1991). Self-directed learning and level of education. Australian Journal of Adult and Community Education, 31, 196-201.

Hicks, C. J. (1984). A study of the relationship between learning preference and training program design. Unpublished research report. Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Maryland.

Hill, L. H. (1991). Facilitating the self-directed learning of professionals: An exploration. In H. B. Long and Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 227-44). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

Hillard, L. C. (2005). The elementary principal's role in leading reading improvement. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.

Hoban, G. J. & Sersland, C. J. (1997). Self-directed learning in mathematics--An impossibility at the middle school? In H. B. Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning (pp. 223-242). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Holm, M. B. (1980). Occupational therapy selection criteria and educational processes: An integrated model (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 2856A.

Hudson, W. S. (1986). The consistency of teacher judgment and the degree of cerebral dominance in identifying self-directed learning readiness in regular and gifted students (Doctoral dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 341.

Hudspeth, J. H. (1992). Student outcomes: The relationship of teaching style to readiness for self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, Montana State University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 3514.

Hutton, C. A. (1985). An evaluation of program design to increase the self-directed learning readiness of registered nurses in a baccalaureate program. Paper presented at Conference of R.N. Educators at the University of Buffalo.

Johnson, E. S. (2003). Factors influencing completion and non-completion in community college online courses. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Johnson, J. A., Sample, J. A., & Jones, W. J. (1988). Self-directed learning and personality type in adult degree students. Psychology, 25, 32-36.

Jones, C. J. (1990). A study of the relationship of self-directed learning readiness to observable behavioral characteristics in an adult basic education program (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 3446.

Jones, J. E. (1992). Validation study of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale with a sample of adult visual art students. In H. B. Long and Associates, Self-directed learning: Application and research (pp. 131-146). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

Jude-York, D. A. (1991, February). Learning in the workplace: Organizational learning climate, self-directed learners and performances at work. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Adult Self-Directed Learning. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma.

Jude-York, D. A. (1993). Organizational learning climate, self-directed learners, and performance at work (Doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 2206.

Kasworm, C. (1982). An exploratory study of the development of self-directed learning as an instructional curriculum strategy. In Whaples, G., & Rivera, W. (eds.) Lifelong Learning Research Conference Proceedings, College Park: University of Maryland.

Kasworm, C. (1983). An examination of self-directed learning as an instructional strategy. Innovative Higher Education, 8, 45-54.

Katherein, M. A. (1981). A study of self-directed continued professional learning of members of the Illinois Nurses' Association: Content and process (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 1092A.

Kitson, D.L., Lekan, D. F., & Guglielmino, P. J. (1995). Self-directed learning readiness personality correlates. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 39-48). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Lacey, C. L. (1988). Readiness for self-directed learning in women during four stages of pregnancy (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 2496.

Lane, P. S. (1993). A quasi-experimental study of fifth-graders' use of selected self-directing perceptions and learning strategies (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 1232.

Langston, L. C. (1990). Self-directed learning, achievement, and satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 3824.

LaPlante, A. (1990). A study of educational assistance requirements among post RN students having high or low readiness for self-directed learning. Unpublished master's thesis, Dalhousie University.

Leean, C., & Sisco, B. (1981). Learning projects and self-planned learning efforts among undereducated adults in rural Vermont. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education.

Lee, D. S. (1990). A study of the learning behavior of adults in selected Baptist churches in Taejon, Korea (Doctoral dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 120.

Leeb, J. G. (1983). Self-directed learning and growth toward personal responsibility: Implications for a framework for health promotion (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 3A.

Lengacher, C. & VanCott, M. L. (1992). Nursing research related to educational re-entry for the registered nurse: Review of research in nursing education. Nursing, 5, 75-106.

Liberman, L. C. (1986). The effect of congruence between learning/teaching styles on student retention at Broward Community College (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 3645.

Liddell, T. N. (2007). Learning and leading: Approaches to leadership self-development of women executives of philanthropic organizations. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.

Linares, A. Z. (1987). Learning style preference, self-directed learning readiness and locus of control of baccalaureate nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 683.

Linares, A. Z. (1989). A comparative study of learning characteristics of RN and generic students. Journal of Nursing Education, 28, 354-360.

Litzinger, T., Wise, J., Lee, S., Bjorklund, S. (2003). Assessing readiness for self-directed learning. In American Society for Engineering Education. Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition. Washington, D.C.: ASEE.

Litzinger, T., Wise, J., Lee, S., Bjorklund, S. (2005). Assessing readiness for self-directed learning. Journal of Engineering Education

Litzinger, T. (2005). Self-directed learning readiness among engineering undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education.

Long, H. B. (1987). Item analysis of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 6, 331-336.

Long, H. B. (1989). Older adults' performance on the SDLRS: An item analysis. Educational Gerontology, 15, 221-229.

Long, H. B. (1989). Some additional criticisms of Field's investigation. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 240-243.

Long H. B. (1991). College students' self-directed learning readiness and educational achievement. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 107-122) Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Long, H. B. (1993). Self-directed learning knowledge: Some important issues. In H. B. Long and Associates, Emerging perspectives of self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Long, H. B., & Agyekum, S. K. (1983). Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: A validation study. Higher Education, 12, 77-87.

Long, H. B., & Agyekum, S. K. (1984). Teacher ratings in the validation of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Higher Education, 13, 709-715.

Long, H. B., & Agyekum, S. K. (1984). Multitrait-multi-method validation of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Adult Education Research Conference.

Long, H. B. & Barnes, K. (1995). Self-directed learning in nursing education. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 217-242). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Cloud, D. (1997). Relationship of SDLRS and family members. In H. B. Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning (pp. 243-254). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Morris, S. S. (1996). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness and academic performance in a nontraditional higher education program. In H. B. Long & Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp. 139-156). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Morris, S. S. (1995). Self-directed learning in business and industry: A review of the literature. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 367-380). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., Redding, T.R., & Eisenman, G. (1993). Development of self-directed learning readiness: A longitudinal study. In H. B. Long & Associates, Emerging perspectives of self-directed learning (pp.9-26). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Long, H. B., Redding, T.R., & Eisenman, G. (1994). A longitudinal study: Social behavior and SDLRS scores. In H. B. Long and Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning (pp. 39-58). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education of the University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., Redding, T.R., & Eisenman, G. (1995). Longitudinal study of self-directed learning: SDLRS scores at the 5th, 8th, and 11th grades. In H. B. Long & Associates, New dimensions in self-directed learning (pp. 23-38). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Smith, S. W. (1996). Self-directed learning readiness and student success. In H. B. Long & Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp. 193- 202). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Stubblefield, C. H. (1994). Childhood experiences as origins of self-directed learning readiness. In H. B. Long and Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning (pp. 15-22). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education of the University of Oklahoma.

Long, H. B., & Walsh, S. M. (1992). An analysis of a modified form of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Application and research (pp.189-208). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Malin, A. (1985). Curriculum planning for self-directed learning in nursing education (Doctoral dissertation, University of New York at Buffalo, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 5A.

Mancuso, S. K. (1988). Self-directedness, age, and nontraditional higher education (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 1988) Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 699.

Matsuura, K., Abe, N., Yoshimura, S., Kannari, Y., Masuda, Y., Abe, S., & Hama, M. (2003). Development of Japanese-SDLRS for application. Journal of Japanese Society for Nursing Research, 26 (1), 45-53.

Matuszak, D. J. (1992). Learning to learn in the workplace: A case study of a training intervention in preparation for learning through experience (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 2790.

McCarthy, W. F. (1986). The self-directedness and attitude toward mathematics of younger and older undergraduate mathematics students (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 3279.

Mc Cauley, V., & McClelland, G. (2002). Development of information-based self-directed learning in physics at the University of Limerick, Ireland: Research findings and implications for educational development. In Long, H. B., & Associates. Twenty-first century advances in self-directed learning (pp. 101-126). Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University Press.

Mc Cauley, V., & McClelland, G. (2004). Further studies in self-directed learning in physics at the University of Limerick, Ireland. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 2 (1), 26-37.

McCune, S. K. (1988). A meta-analytic study of adult self direction in learning: A review of the research from 1977 to 1987 (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 3237.

McCune, S. K. (1989). A statistical critique of Field's investigation. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 243-246.

McCune, S. K., & Guglielmino, L. M., & Garcia, G. (1990). Adult self- direction in learning: A preliminary meta-analytic investigation of research using the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. In H. B. Long & Associates, Advances in self-directed learning research. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

McCune, S. K., & L. M. Guglielmino (1991). Validity generalization of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 147-154) Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Merriam, S., & Caffarella, R. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (review of use of SDLRS)

Merriam, S., Caffarella, R., & Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (review of use of SDLRS)

Middlemiss, M. A. (1989, January). Relationship of self-directed learning readiness and job characteristics to job satisfaction for professional nurses. Paper presented at Research in Nursing Education 7th Annual Meeting.

Moore, R. J. (1987). Predictors of success in courses for nurses requiring a degree of self-direction (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 1670.

Morris, S. S. (1997). Item analysis of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: Revisiting the issue of internal consistency. In H. B.Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Mourad, S. A. (1979). Relationship of grade level, sex, and creativity to readiness for self-directed learning among intellectually gifted students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 2002A.

Mourad, S. A., & Torrance, E. P. (1979). Construct validity of the Self- Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 3, 93-104.

Muller, K. (2007). Emotional intelligence and self-directed learning readiness among healthcare managers. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.

Murray, J. A. (1987). The effect of a clinical internship on the self-directed learning readiness of baccalaureate nursing student students (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 1036.

Nowocien, D. J. (2005). The value of teacher leadership capacity-building: Implementation of an intervention designed to raise student achievement. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.

Okabayaski, H., & Torrance, E. P. (1984). Role of style of learning and thinking and self-directed learning readiness in the achievement of gifted students. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 104-107.

O'Kell, S. P. (1988). A study of the relationships between learning style, readiness for self-directed learning, and teaching preference of learner nurses in one health district. Nurse Education Today, 8, 197-204.

Oliveira, A. L. (2005). Aprendizagem autodirigida: Um contributo para a qualidade do ensino superior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universidade de Coimbra: Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciencias da Educacao.

Oliveira, A. L., & Simoes, A. (2001). Validacao do Questionario de Auto-Eficacia para a Aprendizagem Autodirigida: Sua relevancia na facilitacao da aprendizagem dos estudantes do ensino superior. Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia, 35(1), 171-190.

Oliveira, A. L., & Simoes, A. (2002). A SDLRS (Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale) e o OCLI (Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory): Dois instrumentos de medida das habilidades dos adultos para autodirigirem a aprendizagem. In M. Fernandes & Colaboradores (Orgs.), O particular e o global no virar do milenio: Cruzar saberes em educacao, Actas do 5 Congresso da SPCE (pp. 489-497). Lisboa: Edicoes Colibri, SPCE.

Oliveira, A. L., & Simoes, A. (2006). Impact of socio-demographic and psychological variables on the self-directedness of higher education students. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 3 (1).

Olson, P. W. (2003). A comparative analysis of graduate school students in distance education and traditional on-campus learning environments in terms of autonomy, self-reliance, and self-directed learning readiness. (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).

Palumbo, D. V. (1990). Influence of upper division education on adult nursing students as self-directed learners (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 382.

Pearson, M. A. (1989). Effects of feedback of learning preferences information on outcomes in a self-directed hospital orientation program for registered nurses (Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International.

Phares, L. (2006). An examination of the role of learning in the work of community leaders. (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University).

Phelan, T. D. (1996). Interests of corporate trainers in application of self-directed learning techniques in training. In Long, H. B. and Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp. 51-64). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Posner, F. G. (1990). A study of self-directed learning, perceived competence and personal orientation among students in an open alternative high school (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 813.

Posner, F. G. (1991). Self-directed learning: The missing ingredient for school reform. Changing Schools, 19 (1), 1-4 & 8.

Price, M. A., Kudrna, J., & Flegal, J. (1992). An exploratory study of self-directed learning readiness and field independence/dependence among students in architectural design studios. In H. B. Long and Associates, Self-directed learning: Application and research (pp. 163-180). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

Rakes, S. B. (1991). The relationship between computer anxiety and self- directedness in adult learners (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 149.

Ravid, G. (1986). Self-directed learning as a future training mode in organizations (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 1993.

Redding, T. R. (1991). Spark-gap to space: A study of self-directed learning. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Reio, T. J., and Leitsch, P.K. (2003). A preliminary exploration of the relationship between self-directed learning and critical thinking. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Current developments in e-learning and self-directed learning (pp. 185-196). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Reio, T.J. (2004). Prior knowledge, self-directed learning readiness, and curiosity: Antecedents to classroom learning performance. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 1(1). 18-26.

Reio, T.J., & Davis, W. (2005). Age and gender differences in self-directed learning readiness: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 2(1). 40-61.

Reynolds, M. M. (1984). The self-directedness and motivational orientation of part-time adult students at a community college (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 12A.

Roberts, D. G. (1986). A study of the use of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale as related to selected organizational variables (Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 1218A.

Robinson, M. G. (2003). The relationship between self-directed learning and resilience among graduate students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International.

Rodriguez, A. (2003). A validation of the paper-and-pencil Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS), and an online version of the scale. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Current developments in e-learning and self-directed learning (pp. 243-253). Boynton Beach, FL: Motorola University.

Rourk, J. R. (1991). Local area network implementation: A descriptive study of teachers and students (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 2719.

Rule, D. L., & Grippin, P. C. (1988, February). A critical comparison of learning style instruments frequently used with adult learners. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Eastern Educational Research Association. Miami Beach, FL.

Russell, J. W. (1988). Learner preference for structure, self-directed learning readiness and instructional methods (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 1689.

Rutland, A., & Guglielmino, L. (1987). Increasing readiness for self- directed learning: A facilitator's manual for ten self-directed learning group modules for adults. Boca Raton, FL: Adult Education Office, Department of Educational Leadership, Florida Atlantic University.

Rutland, A. (1987). Effects of a self-directed learning group experience on the self-directed learning readiness and self-concepts of adult basic education students and general educational development students (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 29.

Sabbaghian, Z. (1979). Adult self-directedness and self-concept: An exploration of relationship (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 3701A.

Savoie, M. (1979). Continuing education for nurses: Predictors of success in courses requiring a degree of learner self-direction (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, 1979). Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 12A.

Sedore, A. (1988). The relationships among self-directed learning readiness, self-care agency, and health status in adults four to eight months after myocardial infarction (Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 601.

Shelley, R. (1992). Relationship of adults' field-dependence-independence and self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 4190.

Shokar,G. S., Shokar, N. K., Romero, C. M., Bulik, R. J. (2002).Self-directed learning: Looking at outcomes with medical students. Family Medicine, 34, 3. 197-200.

Skaggs, B. J. (1981). The relationships between involvement of professional nurses in self-directed learning activities, loci of control, and readiness for self-directed learning measures (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 1906A.

Stipe, D. K. (1987). A self-directed method will enhance self-directedness in two-year nursing students (Master's Thesis, California State University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 26, 247.

Stubblefield, C. H. (1993). Childhood experiences and adult self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 404.

Taylor, R. R. (1984). Enhancing readiness for self-directed learning in elementary gifted children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 1697A.

Torbert, J.B. (1988). Improving self-directed learning in the Phoenix Air Guard. Doctoral practicum, Nova Southeastern University. ED 294035.

Tracy, S. J. & Schuttenberg, E. ( 1989, March). An investigation of participant utilization of assessment center results for professional development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. ED307307.

Torrance, E. P. & Mourad, S. (1978a). Some creativity and style of learning and thinking correlates of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. Psychological Reports, 43, 1167-1171.

Torrance, E. P., & Mourad, S. (1978b). Self-directed learning readiness skills of gifted students and their relationships to thinking creatively about the future. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 22, 180-186.

Verhey, M. P. (1993). The relationship of Houle's modes of continuing professional learning and learning self-directedness in psychiatric nurses (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 3085.

Verhey, M. P. (1993). How do psychiatric nurses learn?: Modes of learning and learning self-directedness. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 7, 139-46.

Wall, A. D., Sersland, C. J., & Hoban, G. (1996). The adult learner's self-efficacy, readiness for self-directed learning, and gender. In Long, H. B. and Associates, Current developments in self-directed learning (pp. 107-126). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, University of Oklahoma.

Wang, X. (1989, November). The factor structure of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS). Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association.

Ware, S. M. (2003). An investigation of the relationships of self-directed learning and learning styles among developmental reading students. (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University).

Watson, G. L. (1991). Self-directed learning readiness and activities of three types of corporate computer end-users (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 783.

West, R., & Bentley, E. L. (1991). Relationship between scores on the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory and participation in continuing professional education. In H. B. Long & Associates, Self-directed learning: Consensus and conflict (pp. 71-92). Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education.

Wiley, K. (1981). Effects of a self-directed learning project and preference for structure on self-directed learning readiness of baccalaureate nursing students (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1981). Dissertation Abstracts International, 43, 1A.

Wilson, L. J. E. (1993). Self-directed learners: Psychological type, locus-of-control and selected demographic characteristics (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Southern Mississippi, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 781.

Winters, N. R. & Long, H. B. (1997). Uses of the Guglielmino Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale. In H. B. Long & Associates, Expanding horizons in self-directed learning (pp. 293-300). Norman, OK: Public Managers Center, College of Education, University of Oklahoma.

Wood, J. M. (1996). The relationship between deterrents to participation and self-directed learning readiness. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 44 (2), 34-42.

Woods, N. A. (1986). An assessment of self-directed learning readiness of underprepared SEEK program students (Doctoral practicum, Nova University, 1986).

Yoo, K., Cheong, J. W., & Cheong, C. K. (2000). Demographic and psychological determinants of self-directed learning readiness of Korean adult learners. In H. B. Long & Associates (Eds.), Practice & theory in self-directed learning (pp. 51-64). Schaumberg, IL: Motorola University Press.

Young, L. D. (1985). The relationship of race, sex, and locus of control to self-directed learning (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 1886A.

York, D. J. (1991, February). Learning in the workplace: Organizational learning climate, self-directed learners, and performance at work. Paper presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Adult Self-Directed Learning. University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.

Zemke, R. (1980). Learning to learn: Survival skills for the 80's manager. Training/HRD, 18, 6-8.

Zemke, R. (1982). Self-directed learning: A must skill in the information age. Training/HRD, 19, 28-30.

Zemke, R. (1998). In search of self-directed learners. Training/HRD, 60-68.

Zsiga, P. L. (2007). Self-directed learning readiness, strategic thinking, and leader effectiveness in directors of a national nonprofit organization. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.